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How Long Can a Plant Survive?

Certain types of trees can live for thousands of years, but it can be challenging to determine the precise age of a tree. In most cases we have to rely on observing current growth rates to estimate an age.

Some trees or tree groups can survive for thousands of years. The oldest known individual tree, “The Sisters,” is located in Lebanon and has an estimated age of around 6,000 years. The oldest colony of trees, which may be as many as 130,000 years old, is an unnamed group of critically endangered King’s lomatia trees located in Tasmania.

Since many plants can outlive humans many times over, and we are always curious about the most extreme example of any phenomenon, it is no surprise that we are interested in quantifying which plant is the oldest and what the limits of a plant’s lifespan are. To that end, researchers have attempted to verify the age of various plants to determine what types of plants can live the longest and also identify individual specimens that may be especially old. Of all plant varieties, certain species of trees have the longest lifespans.

There are complications when estimating the lifespan of a plant, however. First off, it is difficult to measure the age of a tree. The age of an individual plant is generally calculated based on observed growth rates in our current environment, which may not be the same as they were previously when conditions might have been much different.

It’s also necessary to distinguish what counts as an individual plant for the purposes of measuring age. While this may seem straightforward at first, it can actually be complex because some plants reproduce asexually or are part of a clonal colony. A clonal colony refers to a group of individual plants that grow together, and originate from a single ancestor. Since they are reproducing asexually from the same source, all individuals in a clonal colony are genetically identical.

Clonal colonies are quite common among plant species, although they may appear to be individual plants to the casual observer since the colony is underground. Clonal colonies pose a challenge when trying to identify the age of a plant since the colony can continue to live and reproduce for much longer than any single individual plant within the colony.

Finally, there are a few species of plant that can undergo long periods of inactive dormancy after which they can return to normal growth given the right conditions. It is unclear whether or not we should consider dormancy periods to be part of an individual specimen’s lifespan when comparing with other plants that are consistently alive by the normal definition.

Oldest Individual Trees

The oldest known individual tree is called “The Sisters” or “Sisters Olive Trees of Noah.” This Olea europaea (olive) tree is located in Bchaaleh, Lebanon, and has an estimated age of 6,000 years. This tree still produces olives.

“Prometheus” is the oldest tree with a verified age. It was cut down in 1964, at which time it was measured to be at least 4,900 years old. This tree is located in Wheeler Park, Nevada, in the United States, and it is a Great Basin bristlecone pine.

The third-oldest tree is another Great Basin bristlecone pine called “Methuselah.” Located in the White Mountains in California, this is the oldest living tree with a confirmed age in the world. The precise location of this tree is kept a secret by the United States Forest Service.

Oldest Clonal Colonies

As mentioned above, clonal trees as a group can outlive any individual tree since the organism keeps renewing itself with new growth while old parts die off. Therefore, all ages of clonal colonies are estimated based on currently observable growth rates and the size of the colony.

Tasmania’s Southwest National Park is home to a clonal colony of Lomatia tasmanica (King’s lomatia) with an estimated age anywhere from 43,600–130,000 years old. This species of trees is endangered, with only this one colony known to exist in the world.

“Pando” is a colony of Quaking aspens located in Fishlake National Forest in Utah, United States. The colony is spread across approximately 107 acres and is estimated to be between 10,000 and 80,000 years old. There are around 47,000 individuals making up this colony.

The “Jurupa Oak,” or “Hurungna Oak” colony is approximately 13,000 years old and can be found in the Jurupa Mountains in California, United States. The colony includes approximately 70 clusters of genetically identical stems. The species is Quercus palmeri (Palmer’s oak).

Certain types of trees can live for thousands of years, but it can be challenging to understand the precise age of a tree because measuring it is not an exact science. In most cases we have to rely on observing current growth rates to estimate an age. It’s also important to distinguish between individual specimens and clonal colonies of trees, as the latter can survive much longer.

Is partially rotten fruit still edible?

Many people simply cut off the rotten parts of the fruits and eat the rest. Seems prudent, because eating the rotten parts is actually pretty unsafe.

Oops, part of my honey pomelo is spoiled! Should I eat the rest or discard it?

The answer is simple, don’t eat it! Rotting happens mainly because of microbes. They are keen on the carbohydrates and moisture in fruits; as one can easily tell, fruits are sweet and juicy, providing energy for the breeding of microorganisms. There are several hundreds of bacteria, fungi and viruses that can cause fruit rotting, many of them are poisonous or bad for your health.

Normally, fully-ripened fruits deteriorate most quickly, because when a fruit is fully-ripened, its complex carbohydrates such as starch are hydrolyzed rapidly into free sugars accompanied by decreasing acidity and firmness. With more sugar, lower acidity and softer peel, rotting happens at a much higher speed.

Two types of ripening

Fruits are divided into two types: for the first type there is a peak of post-harvest metabolism called “respiratory climacteric” with consequent post-ripening, while fruits that have no respiratory climacteric do not experience post-ripening.

A large proportion of fruits belong to the climacteric group: pear-like fruits (apple, hawthorn, quince, etc.), peach-like fruits (apricot, plum, prune, etc.), melon, avocado, mango, banana, kiwi, pitaya, papaya, durian, cherry tomato, persimmon/kaki, pomegranate, etc. The non-climacteric fruits are: berries, cherries, citrus (orange, lemon, mandarin, grapefruit, pomelo, etc.), pineapple, litchi, coconut, loquat, and so on.

Climacteric fruits and non-climacteric fruits ripen at different paces. The respiratory climacteric process is triggered by ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone and the threshold is 0.1ppm. Both endogenous and exogenous ethylenes are valid. Ethylene drives climacteric fruits to their full maturity within 1-2 days, which are then sweet, tender, aromatic and juicy. Maturity of non-climacteric fruits remains more or less the same as when they were harvested, i.e. they hardly become sweeter during storage.

Venting: the key to storage

To store fruits properly, venting is crucial. Venting not only reduces relative humidity, thus repressing microbial activity, but also prevents ethylene accumulation.

Please remember that a fully ripened climacteric fruit will emit ethylene; ethylene accumulation will obviously reduce life of other fruits wrapped within the same bag or container. Therefore, when a climacteric fruit becomes aromatic (an easy sign for optimum maturity), eat it. Collect climacteric fruits into separate bags instead of one bag.

For non-climacteric fruits, since they almost reach optimum maturity when harvested, you’d better buy only a small amount. Refrigerating (around 39°F), of course, protects most fruits. But there are several exceptions: cool places around 50 °F are suitable for bananas, mango, pitaya, papaya and pineapple.

Among climacteric fruits, apples are an exception for their exceptionally long shelf life (up to one month; varying among varieties) and a wise choice for bulk purchase at an economical price. That’s due to the wax outside its dense peel and the fresh-keeping agents on its surface.

Beware of those rotting fruits

When a fruit is rotting and a mildew spot is found, that fungal hypha and its byproducts have already reached every corner of this fruit regardless if we see them or not. Always remember that by-products of microbes can be poisonous and the hazard is unforeseen. For instance, patulin and ochratoxin A are two widely existent toxins in rotten fruits that originate from many pathogens. Patulin is poisonous to the human stomach and gut, while ochratoxin A is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRAC) into Group 2B for its toxicity. Here we also draw your attention to the notorious aflatoxin: aflatoxin can be found in spoiled shell-fruits and dry fruits and it is a Group 1 cancerogen; a mere 20 mg dose is fatal.

Rotting fruits are undoubtedly NOT edible. Once a fruit becomes slimy, mushy, smelly, discolored or moldy, please discard it with no hesitation and clean its stain it left in your kitchen if there is any, to avoid contaminating other fruits. Physical damage itself is harmless but it will rot very quickly; therefore we’d better deal with damaged fruits in time. Rotting fruits also can NOT be used for compost.

If you just happen to have excess fruits, there are several ways to deal with them: add them to your smoothie/baking/jam recipe; make dry fruits (either sun-dried or freeze-dried); freeze them for summer; or simply share with neighbors.

How pasture affects the quality of milk?

When you purchase steaks, you may already notice the phrases “grass-fed” and “grain-fed” and how the two taste differently. Just as in the saying “you are what you eat”, not only does cow feed change the taste of steak, it also changes the taste and value of the cow’s milk.

You may be wondering how milk exhibits different flavors. The secret is fat. The milk fat consists of a mixture of more than 100 fatty acids. Different fatty acids contained in milk fat, especially those short-chain and middle-chain ones, create a full body of taste. Three simple factors are related to milk flavor and additional nutrition: feeding, season and processing technique.

The first factor is how cows are fed. In the modern dairy industry, cows are fed mainly by fresh grass, silage, hay, grain, soybean meal and other concentrates; either in an organic way or not. Cows grazing freely on well-grown pasture give the best milk, because both grass-feeding and good aeration in the stall increase the pleasant volatile fatty acids in milk that enhance flavor.

Free grazing will largely reduce the cost on cow stalls, making the milk more competitive on the market. Furthermore, commercial pasture is highly productive. If properly managed, grass-legume sward can yield up to 1200 ton dry matter per hectare every year. Therefore, grazing is beneficial for farmers economically.

Grasses, like perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, together with legumes, like white clover and alfalfa, can create a grass-legume sward that offers cows a palatable and easily digestible meal. Herbs like ribwort plantain and chicory have more micronutrients such as zinc and manganese; they can also optimize the digestibility of grass-legume mixture, hence balancing the cows’ feed.

As a result, pasture milk has more short-chain fatty acids and tastes more refined than milk from cows fed by concentrates. Cows fed by pasture also give softer butter. Organic farming is a good choice because of the lack of antibiotics used on the cows, but it has little contribution to the flavor and key nutrition.

The second factor is season. If you visit meadows during late spring and summer, you would find all sorts of attractive flowers, which means grasses are in the reproductive stages with preferentially more crude protein, more crude fat, less fiber etc.. Higher quality of food will make the cows produce milk of higher quality. More precisely, they produce milk with high-quality fats.

Don’t worry about the word “fat”, most fats contained in milk are considered “good fat”. For example, the lauric acid digested from milk fat is a positive factor for your leptin, which can really make you slim. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is another cutting-edge natural anti-cancer factor and only can be found in milk; other short-chain and middle-chain fatty acids in milk fat are friendly to the intestinal tract too.

Milk gathered during May and June has significantly more CLA, more lauric acid and more lactose which make it sweeter. Moreover, stronger ultraviolet light during May and July also improves secondary metabolism products in grasses thus broadening the spectrum of milk flavor elements.

The last factor is the processing technique. If you are a gourmet, you may also already find that milk tastes differently between brands. Micro-filter technique is the champion for retaining bio-active nutrition, freshness as well as sweetness. Pasteurized milk tasted lighter and softer than UHT milk. UHT milk feels thick and strong, and sometimes has an unpleasant “dull” mouthfeel.

Finally, all of these factors will be reflected by its price. Milk with a higher price has the advantage of better freshness and mouthfeel. Now, you may conclude that buying “Micro-filtered June pasture milk” will give you the best flavor. But please remember that all milk contains nearly the same proportion of protein and calcium, which give the fundamental nutritional value of milk. Just forget those advertisements. It’s fine to decide which milk to buy based simply on your budget.

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Many plants vie for the title of largest on Earth, and deciding which is the winner comes down to whether you are considering single-stem plants, clonal populations, or both.

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How to Use BMI For Weight Gain

Those with a low BMI can use the Body Mass Index for weight gain. This is achieved through a specific calorie intake, choosing the right foods for weight gain, changing how you exercise, and developing the correct mindset.

The Body Mass Index is typically used for weight loss. However, BMI can also be used to track weight gain for those who fall in the underweight category. This is a very similar process but used for different results. Many people who fall in the underweight category may have medical conditions that cause them to have trouble gaining weight. If you have a low BMI, it’s essential to go to a medical professional for further screenings.

In this article, we will discuss how precisely to use the Body Mass Index when trying to gain weight. Typically those in the underweight category may struggle to gain weight. Through some simple lifestyle changes and the right state of mind, moving from the underweight category to the healthy weight category can be easy.

How Calories Affect BMI

Calories directly affect your BMI. If you’re not consuming enough calories to maintain a healthy weight, you begin to lose weight. The number of required calories in adults can vary from 1,600 to 3,000 calories. That is a significant difference. This is why it’s important to know how many calories you require based on your gender, age, and activity level. Once you are aware of the amount of calories you specifically need, you can begin to track your calories. Tracking calories can be one of the most important parts of weight gain. Likely, to gain weight, you will need to eat more calories a day than your standard requirement. It’s important not to overdo this step. You don’t want to change your caloric intake too drastically at first. Many who are trying to increase their BMI may be starting from having too little of a caloric intake. The first step is to increase slowly until you are taking in your recommended calories. Some can even get to a healthy weight BMI just by increasing their recommended calories. For others who have more trouble gaining weight, increasing caloric intake to above the recommended amount will be necessary.

Choosing the Right Food for Weight Gain

It’s important to know the amount of calories in the food you eat as well as the drinks you drink. You may eat a meal and feel full but still not have had enough calories. Many people who are trying to increase their BMI will automatically turn to unhealthy food to gain weight. You can eat healthily and gain weight at the same time. An excellent strategy for gaining weight is to add protein shakes to your diet. There are many people who struggle to eat breakfast every day. It’s very simple to have a protein shake for breakfast. This will give you plenty of nutritional benefits, and you can make a shake that is the perfect flavor for you because you can choose exactly what’s in it. Make sure you are including carbs into your diet. Rice is a great way to add necessary carbs into your diet. Carbs and protein are great ways to help increase BMI and also have a nutritious diet. You can choose to consult with a nutritionist to develop a diet specific to your needs, especially if you have certain foods that don’t fit well in your diet. A nutritionist can help you find replacements for things you can’t or shouldn’t eat that are nutritious and help you gain weight.

Change How You Move

Everyone should have some movement in their routine. Activity level affects BMI quite significantly. Exercise must be monitored for those who wish to gain instead of lose weight. Too much cardio will make it difficult to gain weight. You don’t have to eliminate this type of exercise entirely. It’s essential to have a balance. Muscle weighs more than fat, so adding a bit of muscle will help you reach a healthy weight category as well. Focus on increasing your strength training over cardio. If you frequently exercise, the best strategy for weight gain is to focus on muscle gain. Change up your routine a bit and combine this with a proper diet, and you’ll be on your way to working toward a healthy BMI.

Mindset is Everything

Any change you attempt to make in your life has to be approached with the correct mindset. Those who need to change their lifestyle habits for a healthy BMI need to want that change. It would be best to find a reason to choose to be healthy. It may sound simple, but there are many who are stuck in their ways and may have a hard time making a change. Once you’ve decided to make an effort to be healthier, you can start to set goals. Setting a significant end goal is not the best way to go about gaining weight. Keep in mind your ultimate goal but focus on your step-by-step goals first if you want the best chance of success.

Final Thoughts

Sometimes gaining weight is not always as easy as others believe and can be a challenge for some. Those with too low of a BMI need a structured plan to work toward the healthy weight category of the Body Mass Index. The first and possibly one of the most essential parts of weight gain is tracking calories. Weight can only be gained when you take in enough calories to gain more weight. However, it’s almost just as important to eat foods that will help with weight gain. Even eating more than enough calories might not make enough of a difference unless you are choosing the right foods. Exercising is a healthy habit for everyone. For those who need to gain weight, it’s crucial to regulate the amount and type of exercise practiced. Without the correct frame of mind, it can be challenging to make a change in your BMI. It’s all about setting realistic goals and choosing to be healthy.

How to Use BMI for Weight Loss

Once someone is aware they have a BMI above the healthy range, they can work to lower their BMI. This can be achieved through reducing caloric intake, eating a more nutritious diet, exercising, and setting achievable goals.

The Body Mass Index can be used to determine whether you need to lose weight. Those who fall on the high side of the BMI scale may be at risk for health issues that could be serious such as a heart condition or high cholesterol.

BMI may put you in a category that shows you are overweight or obese. You can work to achieve a healthy range BMI. Today we’ll show you how to lower your BMI through a few changes and the right mindset.

Lowering Your BMI Through Calories

The amount of calories you eat is directly related to having a high BMI. Eating more in one day than you require will cause you to gain weight. Based on your size and age, you need a different amount of calories than others. It’s essential to know how many calories you need per day. A great way to cut your calories is to first take into account how many calories you’re eating a day. You can determine the number of calories you need to maintain your current weight and compare that to how many you’re eating now.

Most likely, you are eating more than you need to if you have a high BMI. Make sure to take small steps toward reaching your correct caloric need. It can be very difficult to go from a high intake to a low one drastically. Cut 200 calories a day; for example, once you can feel full on this lowered amount, cut another 200. Once your intake is the same as what is required to maintain your current weight, you can take in just a bit less to begin to lose weight.

Deciding What to Eat

Where you get your calories can be as important as how many you eat. One of the two things to cut out as much as possible is salt. Salt can lead to many other health issues besides weight gain, and unless you monitor your sodium intake, it’s very easy to have too much salt in your diet. The next thing is sugar. Sugar adds weight very quickly. Sugary drinks are responsible for many people having a high BMI. When you eat a healthy diet and meet your nutritional needs, it will be easier to lower your BMI. You’ll feel better as well.

Importance of Exercise

One of the best strategies to lower your BMI is to combine eating less, eating better, and moving more. One of the causes of a high BMI is too little physical activity. No matter your current physical activity, you can typically increase it. Of course, there are medical conditions that do not allow specific physical activity. The main focus will be on a proper, restricted diet in these cases.

However, plenty of people with limited mobility can still increase their physical activity. Exercise what parts of your body you can. For the average person, it’s all about starting small and increasing over time. If you never get off the couch, spend an hour on your feet walking around every day at first. You don’t have to go on a long walk outside; just get up for two 30 minute intervals or four 15 minutes intervals. Over time, spend more time being active and in different ways. After a while, you’ll be much more physically active than you used to be. At this point, your BMI will begin to lower without much effort.

Setting Realistic Goals

One of the most important ways to work on lowering your BMI is how you set your goals. This is something that is not stressed enough for weight loss. Many people start on a weight loss journey to get frustrated when they can’t meet unrealistic goals as quickly as they set them. The mindset you have toward achieving a healthy BMI is one of your most significant factors of success. It’s common that when someone makes a weight loss goal, the goal may be too big and intimidating. This leads to many giving up and not achieving their goal. The problem with most goals is setting one goal. If your only goal is the end goal of having a healthy BMI, you may struggle to feel like you’re getting anywhere. The best strategy is to set many small goals along the way. Break your weight loss goal into steps or pieces. If your BMI is 27, set your first goal to get to 25. It’s a small step, and you can reward and congratulate yourself when you reach this number. This is just an example. Break your goals down into as small of pieces as you need to stay on track and keep focused on the next small goal and the one after that. Before long, you will reach your big, at one time intimidating, goal.

Final Thoughts

The Body Mass Index is a great way to keep track of your weight loss. When you fall on the higher end of the BMI system, it may be in the best interest of your health to work on losing weight. The primary way to lose weight is to manage how many calories you consume in a day. Many people are unaware of the number of calories they need to have in a day, and learning this can put a new perspective on your eating habits. It’s also important to understand what foods to eat to prevent weight gain and aid in weight loss. Consuming fewer calories will definitely help, but where those calories come from make a difference as well. Making sure to get your body moving more than before is another big step toward lowering your BMI. There have been arguments about weight loss regarding whether diet or exercise makes the most significant difference. The truth is that the biggest difference is achieved through a combination. Remember to set small, realistic goals and use them as milestones. Break down how much weight you want to lose in stages. Mindset can be your biggest ally or your most brutal enemy.

What is BMI?

BMI stands for Body Mass Index. This is a standard for measuring weight against height. This method, however, does not measure the fat versus muscle in the body. Body Mass Index only measures weight and height.

Have you heard the term BMI before? What about Body Mass Index? These have both been used in many diet plans and workout regimens. You may have even heard about this mentioned by your doctor. Even certain jobs require a specific BMI, such as the U.S. military.

There are many good things about the Body Mass Index regarding weight gain or weight loss. This index can be used to measure a healthy weight. There are limitations to the Body Mass Index, though. The fact that the Body Mass Index doesn’t measure fat and muscle can lead to results that aren’t entirely accurate. This article will precisely examine BMI and all its benefits and limitations. How helpful is the Body Mass Index? Let’s talk about it.

How Does the Body Mass Index Work?

The Body Mass Index measures your weight against your height and works by dividing your weight by your height. Based on the result of this measurement, you will be put into one of four categories. These categories are obesity, overweight, healthy weight, or underweight. The Body Mass Index is one of the easiest ways to determine someone’s weight category. While there are limitations to the fact that it doesn’t measure your body fat, this index has been very useful for helping in diagnosing health issues regarding weight. Once a BMI in an unhealthy range is determined, health providers may do further testing to determine the cause. The Body Mass Index is known to be a reliable source of information when it comes to deciding whether someone has a high or low amount of body fat. Even without measuring exactly how much body fat a person has, this index system works for most people.

How Exactly is BMI Calculated?

The BMI can be calculated in both the metric and standard systems. In the metric system, you can determine BMI by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height in meters. This will give you your BMI score. For the stander system, weight in pounds is divided by height in inches squared and also multiplied by a conversion factor of 703. This will also give you the same score. You can use either method. If you prefer the metric method, you can easily convert your weight in pounds to kilograms and your height in inches into meters.

Healthy and Unhealthy Body Mass Index Ranges

The Body Mass Index has four ranges that determine if you are at a healthy weight for your height. Numbers below 18.5 are in the underweight category. Numbers that are between 18.5 and 24.9 are in the healthy range. From 25 to 29.9, one would be classified as overweight, and anything above 30 is obese.

Body Mass Index for Children and Teenagers

Using the BMI systems for children and teenagers has become more common over the years due to the increase in childhood obesity. In the United States, many public k-12 schools educate the students on the Body Mass Index in classes such as a health class. For those under 18, BMI is determined both through age and gender factors. BMI for children and teens is also helpful for those who are underweight. Determining an unhealthily low BMI may help children and teenagers be diagnosed earlier for potential issues that may be causing them to be at a low weight.

Alternative Methods for Determining Body Fat

A few other methods can be used to determine someone’s body fat and are more likely to be used for those that the Body Mass Index doesn’t work as well for. One method is called underwater weighing, which is a better indicator of fat compared to muscle. This method can be expensive. Another way is to measure skinfold thickness, and this is used with calipers can be an uncomfortable way of determining body fat. The Body Mass Index works so well because it makes sense for most people, is cheap or even free to do on your own, and is very easy and non-invasive.

Limitations of the Body Mass Index

The Body Mass Index does have some limitations. For example, a person with a large muscle mass would likely be put in an unhealthy BMI category. This is because muscle weighs a bit more than fat. Most bodybuilders have very little fat compared to their muscle mass. People who train for this professionally would be mostly put in the overweight or obese category because of their weight versus their height. This is why the Body Mass Index isn’t perfect. It cannot determine the exact amount of body fat compared to muscle. However, most professionals understand this issue, and BMI is now usually only applied to individuals who are deemed to not have more than the typical amount of muscles. The public needs to understand this limitation when using the Body Mass Index to determine their category.

Final Thoughts

Although the BMI system has some limitations to its use, it is a primarily reliable way of determining body fat. The Body Mass Index is not the final say on how much body fat one person has or the reasons behind that. This system is used as a screening tool. Once it is decided that someone’s BMI is outside the healthy range, their medical professionals will be able to perform further screenings and testing to find out why that particular person does not have a healthy BMI.

BMI is calculated with a very simple formula that even non-professionals may be able to determine on their own. This makes this system much more accessible for those who are concerned about their weight. Whenever someone is found to be outside of a healthy range through these calculations, they can take steps with medical providers to work toward being healthier. BMI can also be used for children and teenagers specifically to combat childhood obesity early on. Most alternative methods for testing body fat mass are more expensive and less accessible to the general public. However, due to the limitations of BMI, these other methods may be used to determine actual body fat in individuals that require these screenings.

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